Pharmacological evidence for the folk use of Nefang: antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of its constituent plants
Identifieur interne : 000506 ( Main/Exploration ); précédent : 000505; suivant : 000507Pharmacological evidence for the folk use of Nefang: antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of its constituent plants
Auteurs : Protus Arrey Tarkang [Cameroun, Kenya] ; Faith A. Okalebo [Kenya] ; Juma D. Siminyu [Kenya] ; William N. Ngugi [Kenya] ; Amos M. Mwaura [Kenya] ; Jackson Mugweru [Kenya] ; Gabriel A. Agbor [Cameroun] ; Anastasia N. Guantai [Kenya]Source :
- BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine [ 1472-6882 ] ; 2015.
Descripteurs français
- Wicri :
- geographic : Cameroun.
English descriptors
- KwdEn :
- Analgesics (pharmacology), Analgesics (therapeutic use), Angiosperms, Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents (pharmacology), Anti-Inflammatory Agents (therapeutic use), Antimalarials (pharmacology), Antimalarials (therapeutic use), Antipyretics (pharmacology), Antipyretics (therapeutic use), Cameroon, Carrageenan, Drug Combinations, Edema (drug therapy), Fever (drug therapy), Inflammation (drug therapy), Malaria (complications), Malaria (drug therapy), Mice, Pain (drug therapy), Pain Measurement, Phytotherapy, Plant Bark, Plant Extracts (pharmacology), Plant Extracts (therapeutic use), Plant Leaves (drug effects), Rats, Wistar.
- MESH :
- chemical , pharmacology : Analgesics, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antimalarials, Antipyretics, Plant Extracts.
- chemical , therapeutic use : Analgesics, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Antimalarials, Antipyretics, Plant Extracts.
- geographic : Cameroon, Carrageenan, Drug Combinations.
- complications : Malaria.
- drug effects : Plant Leaves.
- drug therapy : Edema, Fever, Inflammation, Malaria, Pain.
- Angiosperms, Animals, Mice, Pain Measurement, Phytotherapy, Plant Bark, Rats, Wistar.
Abstract
Antipyretic activities were determined by the D-Amphetamine induced pyrexia and Brewer’s Yeast induced hyperpyrexia methods. Anti-inflammatory activities were investigated using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method. Antinociceptive activities were determined by mechanical nociception in the tail pressure and thermal nociception in the radiant heat tail flick and hot plate methods. Data was analysed using the one way ANOVA followed by Neuman-Keuls multiple comparison test.
Best percentage inhibition of induced pyrexia (amphetamine/brewer’s yeast;
Anti-inflammatory studies revealed paw edema inhibition (%) as follows (
Antinociceptive studies revealed significant (
The results obtained suggest that the constituent plants possess biologically active compounds with antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. These activities are essential in the symptomatic treatment of malaria fever, thereby justifying the folk use of
Url:
DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0703-7
PubMed: 26055261
PubMed Central: 4459057
Affiliations:
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Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siminyu, Juma D" sort="Siminyu, Juma D" uniqKey="Siminyu J" first="Juma D." last="Siminyu">Juma D. Siminyu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ngugi, William N" sort="Ngugi, William N" uniqKey="Ngugi W" first="William N." last="Ngugi">William N. Ngugi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mwaura, Amos M" sort="Mwaura, Amos M" uniqKey="Mwaura A" first="Amos M." last="Mwaura">Amos M. Mwaura</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mugweru, Jackson" sort="Mugweru, Jackson" uniqKey="Mugweru J" first="Jackson" last="Mugweru">Jackson Mugweru</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agbor, Gabriel A" sort="Agbor, Gabriel A" uniqKey="Agbor G" first="Gabriel A." last="Agbor">Gabriel A. Agbor</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P. O. Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P. O. Box 6163, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guantai, Anastasia N" sort="Guantai, Anastasia N" uniqKey="Guantai A" first="Anastasia N." last="Guantai">Anastasia N. Guantai</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></titleStmt><publicationStmt><idno type="wicri:source">PMC</idno><idno type="pmid">26055261</idno><idno type="pmc">4459057</idno><idno type="url">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4459057</idno><idno type="RBID">PMC:4459057</idno><idno type="doi">10.1186/s12906-015-0703-7</idno><date when="2015">2015</date><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Corpus">000559</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Curation">000558</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Pmc/Checkpoint">000395</idno><idno type="wicri:source">PubMed</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Corpus">000168</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Curation">000168</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/PubMed/Checkpoint">000168</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Merge">001B69</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Curation">001B69</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Ncbi/Checkpoint">001B69</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Merge">000506</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Curation">000506</idno><idno type="wicri:Area/Main/Exploration">000506</idno></publicationStmt><sourceDesc><biblStruct><analytic><title xml:lang="en" level="a" type="main">Pharmacological evidence for the folk use of Nefang: antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of its constituent plants</title><author><name sortKey="Tarkang, Protus Arrey" sort="Tarkang, Protus Arrey" uniqKey="Tarkang P" first="Protus Arrey" last="Tarkang">Protus Arrey Tarkang</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P. O. Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P. O. Box 6163, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Okalebo, Faith A" sort="Okalebo, Faith A" uniqKey="Okalebo F" first="Faith A." last="Okalebo">Faith A. Okalebo</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Siminyu, Juma D" sort="Siminyu, Juma D" uniqKey="Siminyu J" first="Juma D." last="Siminyu">Juma D. Siminyu</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Ngugi, William N" sort="Ngugi, William N" uniqKey="Ngugi W" first="William N." last="Ngugi">William N. Ngugi</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mwaura, Amos M" sort="Mwaura, Amos M" uniqKey="Mwaura A" first="Amos M." last="Mwaura">Amos M. Mwaura</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Mugweru, Jackson" sort="Mugweru, Jackson" uniqKey="Mugweru J" first="Jackson" last="Mugweru">Jackson Mugweru</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff3">Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 30197-00100, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Agbor, Gabriel A" sort="Agbor, Gabriel A" uniqKey="Agbor G" first="Gabriel A." last="Agbor">Gabriel A. Agbor</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff1">Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P. O. Box 6163, Yaoundé, Cameroon</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Cameroun</country><wicri:regionArea>Centre for Research on Medicinal Plants and Traditional Medicine, Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plants Studies (IMPM), P. O. Box 6163, Yaoundé</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Yaoundé</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author><author><name sortKey="Guantai, Anastasia N" sort="Guantai, Anastasia N" uniqKey="Guantai A" first="Anastasia N." last="Guantai">Anastasia N. Guantai</name><affiliation wicri:level="1"><nlm:aff id="Aff2">Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi, Kenya</nlm:aff><country xml:lang="fr">Kenya</country><wicri:regionArea>Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 19676-00202, Nairobi</wicri:regionArea><wicri:noRegion>Nairobi</wicri:noRegion></affiliation></author></analytic><series><title level="j">BMC Complementary and Alternative Medicine</title><idno type="eISSN">1472-6882</idno><imprint><date when="2015">2015</date></imprint></series></biblStruct></sourceDesc></fileDesc><profileDesc><textClass><keywords scheme="KwdEn" xml:lang="en"><term>Analgesics (pharmacology)</term><term>Analgesics (therapeutic use)</term><term>Angiosperms</term><term>Animals</term><term>Anti-Inflammatory Agents (pharmacology)</term><term>Anti-Inflammatory Agents (therapeutic use)</term><term>Antimalarials (pharmacology)</term><term>Antimalarials (therapeutic use)</term><term>Antipyretics (pharmacology)</term><term>Antipyretics (therapeutic use)</term><term>Cameroon</term><term>Carrageenan</term><term>Drug Combinations</term><term>Edema (drug therapy)</term><term>Fever (drug therapy)</term><term>Inflammation (drug therapy)</term><term>Malaria (complications)</term><term>Malaria (drug therapy)</term><term>Mice</term><term>Pain (drug therapy)</term><term>Pain Measurement</term><term>Phytotherapy</term><term>Plant Bark</term><term>Plant Extracts (pharmacology)</term><term>Plant Extracts (therapeutic use)</term><term>Plant Leaves (drug effects)</term><term>Rats, Wistar</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="pharmacology" xml:lang="en"><term>Analgesics</term><term>Anti-Inflammatory Agents</term><term>Antimalarials</term><term>Antipyretics</term><term>Plant Extracts</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="chemical" qualifier="therapeutic use" xml:lang="en"><term>Analgesics</term><term>Anti-Inflammatory Agents</term><term>Antimalarials</term><term>Antipyretics</term><term>Plant Extracts</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" type="geographic" xml:lang="en"><term>Cameroon</term><term>Carrageenan</term><term>Drug Combinations</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="complications" xml:lang="en"><term>Malaria</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug effects" xml:lang="en"><term>Plant Leaves</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" qualifier="drug therapy" xml:lang="en"><term>Edema</term><term>Fever</term><term>Inflammation</term><term>Malaria</term><term>Pain</term></keywords><keywords scheme="MESH" xml:lang="en"><term>Angiosperms</term><term>Animals</term><term>Mice</term><term>Pain Measurement</term><term>Phytotherapy</term><term>Plant Bark</term><term>Rats, Wistar</term></keywords><keywords scheme="Wicri" type="geographic" xml:lang="fr"><term>Cameroun</term></keywords></textClass></profileDesc></teiHeader><front><div type="abstract" xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Background</title><p><italic>Nefang</italic> is a polyherbal anti-malarial composed of <italic>Mangifera indica (</italic><bold><italic>MiB</italic></bold> and <bold><italic>MiL</italic></bold>; bark and leaf), <italic>Psidium guajava (</italic><bold><italic>Pg</italic></bold><italic>), Carica papaya (</italic><bold><italic>Cp</italic></bold><italic>), Cymbopogon citratus (</italic><bold><italic>Cc</italic></bold><italic>), Citrus sinensis (</italic><bold><italic>Cs</italic></bold><italic>)</italic> and <italic>Ocimum gratissimum (</italic><bold><italic>Og</italic></bold><italic>)</italic> (leaves). Previous studies have demonstrated its in vitro and in vivo antiplasmodial activities, antioxidant properties and safety profile. This study aimed at evaluating the antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities of the constituent plants of <italic>Nefang</italic> which are relevant to the symptomatic treatment of malaria fever.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Antipyretic activities were determined by the D-Amphetamine induced pyrexia and Brewer’s Yeast induced hyperpyrexia methods. Anti-inflammatory activities were investigated using the carrageenan-induced rat paw edema method. Antinociceptive activities were determined by mechanical nociception in the tail pressure and thermal nociception in the radiant heat tail flick and hot plate methods. Data was analysed using the one way ANOVA followed by Neuman-Keuls multiple comparison test.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Best percentage inhibition of induced pyrexia (amphetamine/brewer’s yeast; <italic>p</italic> < 0.05) was exhibited by <italic>Cc</italic> (95/97) followed by <italic>Og</italic> (85/94), <italic>MiL</italic> (90/89), <italic>MiB</italic> (88/84) and <italic>Cs</italic> (82/89). <italic>Cc</italic> and <italic>Og</italic> exhibited comparable activities to paracetamol (100/95).</p><p>Anti-inflammatory studies revealed paw edema inhibition (%) as follows (<italic>p</italic> < 0.05): Indomethacin (47), <italic>MiL</italic> (40), <italic>Cp</italic> (30), <italic>MiB</italic> (28) and <italic>Og</italic> (22), suggesting best activity by <italic>MiL.</italic></p><p>Antinociceptive studies revealed significant (<italic>p</italic> < 0.01) pain inhibition (%) as follows: Paracetamol (97), <italic>Og</italic> (113), <italic>MiL</italic> (108), <italic>Pg</italic> (84) and <italic>MiB</italic> (88). <italic>Og</italic> and <italic>MiL</italic> exhibited the best activities.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The results obtained suggest that the constituent plants possess biologically active compounds with antipyretic, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. These activities are essential in the symptomatic treatment of malaria fever, thereby justifying the folk use of <italic>Nefang</italic>. This would be useful in its subsequent development for clinical application.</p></sec></div></front><back><div1 type="bibliography"><listBibl><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Snow, Rw" uniqKey="Snow R">RW Snow</name></author><author><name sortKey="Marsh, K" uniqKey="Marsh K">K Marsh</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Oliveira, Ab" uniqKey="Oliveira A">AB Oliveira</name></author><author><name sortKey="Dolabela, Mf" uniqKey="Dolabela M">MF Dolabela</name></author><author><name sortKey="Braga, Fc" uniqKey="Braga F">FC Braga</name></author><author><name sortKey="Jacome, Rl" uniqKey="Jacome R">RL Jacome</name></author><author><name sortKey="Varotti, Fp" uniqKey="Varotti F">FP Varotti</name></author><author><name sortKey="Povoa, Mm" uniqKey="Povoa M">MM Povoa</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Castellanos, Jrg" uniqKey="Castellanos J">JRG Castellanos</name></author><author><name sortKey="Prieto, Jm" uniqKey="Prieto J">JM Prieto</name></author><author><name sortKey="Heinrich, M" uniqKey="Heinrich M">M Heinrich</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Ginsburg, H" uniqKey="Ginsburg H">H Ginsburg</name></author><author><name sortKey="Deharo, E" uniqKey="Deharo E">E Deharo</name></author></analytic></biblStruct><biblStruct><analytic><author><name sortKey="Tarkang, Pa" uniqKey="Tarkang P">PA Tarkang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Okalebo, Fa" uniqKey="Okalebo F">FA Okalebo</name></author><author><name sortKey="Agbor, Ga" uniqKey="Agbor G">GA Agbor</name></author><author><name sortKey="Tsabang, N" uniqKey="Tsabang N">N Tsabang</name></author><author><name sortKey="Guantai, An" uniqKey="Guantai A">AN Guantai</name></author><author><name sortKey="Rukunga, Gm" uniqKey="Rukunga G">GM 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Ojewole</name></author></analytic></biblStruct></listBibl></div1></back></TEI><affiliations><list><country><li>Cameroun</li><li>Kenya</li></country></list><tree><country name="Cameroun"><noRegion><name sortKey="Tarkang, Protus Arrey" sort="Tarkang, Protus Arrey" uniqKey="Tarkang P" first="Protus Arrey" last="Tarkang">Protus Arrey Tarkang</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Agbor, Gabriel A" sort="Agbor, Gabriel A" uniqKey="Agbor G" first="Gabriel A." last="Agbor">Gabriel A. Agbor</name></country><country name="Kenya"><noRegion><name sortKey="Tarkang, Protus Arrey" sort="Tarkang, Protus Arrey" uniqKey="Tarkang P" first="Protus Arrey" last="Tarkang">Protus Arrey Tarkang</name></noRegion><name sortKey="Guantai, Anastasia N" sort="Guantai, Anastasia N" uniqKey="Guantai A" first="Anastasia N." last="Guantai">Anastasia N. Guantai</name><name sortKey="Mugweru, Jackson" sort="Mugweru, Jackson" uniqKey="Mugweru J" first="Jackson" last="Mugweru">Jackson Mugweru</name><name sortKey="Mwaura, Amos M" sort="Mwaura, Amos M" uniqKey="Mwaura A" first="Amos M." last="Mwaura">Amos M. Mwaura</name><name sortKey="Ngugi, William N" sort="Ngugi, William N" uniqKey="Ngugi W" first="William N." last="Ngugi">William N. Ngugi</name><name sortKey="Okalebo, Faith A" sort="Okalebo, Faith A" uniqKey="Okalebo F" first="Faith A." last="Okalebo">Faith A. Okalebo</name><name sortKey="Siminyu, Juma D" sort="Siminyu, Juma D" uniqKey="Siminyu J" first="Juma D." last="Siminyu">Juma D. 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